Unlocking Graphene’s Potential: Size Distribution and Topological Advances
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The size distribution and topological properties of graphene samples in two-dimensional (2D) sheets play a crucial role in various technological applications and can be characterized using multiple analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Raman spectroscopy. In this study, we investigated the size distribution and topological features of hexagonal twisted graphene sheets and their impact on band gap energy, utilizing first-principles calculations based on Bragg's law and the Scherrer equation. Our findings demonstrate that the band gap topology of graphene sheets can be effectively modulated by introducing twisted multilayer graphene configurations.
Furthermore, the incorporation of spin-orbit coupling induces a two-band gap structure in bilayer graphene, particularly at n = 1/3 in the quantum Hall regime, significantly enhancing the potential energy of charge carriers. The measured band gaps are as follows:
- Graphene nanocrystals (GNs): 2.12 eV
- Partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO): 0.3 – 1.5 eV
- Graphene Oxide (GO): 2.1 – 3.5 eV
Additional analyses indicate that these findings hold significant promise for the development of Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) and quantum-state superconductors, which are essential components in emerging quantum devices, including medical MRI systems, quantum computing architectures, and quantum memory storage.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaskari MKG, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The International Journal of Physics Research and Applications is committed in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. In order to use the Open Access paradigm to the maximum extent in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage right, we grant usage rights through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
License: Copyright © 2017 - 2025 | 
Open Access by International Journal of Physics Research and Applications is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at Heighten Science Publications Inc.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with the journal, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
Compliance 'CC BY' license helps in:
| Permission to read and download | ✓ |
| Permission to display in a repository | ✓ |
| Permission to translate | ✓ |
| Commercial uses of manuscript | ✓ |
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
1. Foroutan T, Nazemi N, Tavana M, Kassaee MZ, Motamedi E, Sonieshargh S, et al. Suspended graphene oxide nano particle for accelerate multilayer osteoblast attachment. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2018;106(1):293–303. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.36231
2. Motamedi E, Talebi Atouei M, Kassaee MZ. Comparison of nitrate removal from water via graphene oxide coated Fe, Ni and Co nano-particles. Mater Res Bull. 2014;54:34–40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.02.019
3. Zhang Y. Comprehensive review on the mechanical properties of graphene. Mater Today. 2020;33:24–34.
4. Wang L. Particle size distribution in graphene and its effect on material properties. Graphene Technol. 2023;8(1):112–20.
5. Bardeen J, Cooper LN, Schrieffer JR. Theory of superconductivity. Phys Rev. 1957;108(5):1175–204. Available from: https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175
6. Chen X. Synthesis and structural analysis of graphene micro-particles. J Nanomater. 2022;23(5):948–56.
7. Lee C. Phase identification in graphene samples using X-ray diffraction. Mater Sci Eng. 2019;66(8):1820–7.
8. Jiang F. XRD patterns in graphene: a tool for crystallographic studies. Cryst Growth Des. 2023;23(2):456–65.
9. Kim D. FE-SEM analysis of graphene for high-resolution imaging. Nano Res. 2021;14(3):789–98.
10. Patel S. Advances in imaging and analysis techniques for graphene micro-particles using FE-SEM. Microsc Microanal. 2022;28(4):540–55.
11. Scherrer P. GottingenNachrichten, Math Phys. 1918;2:98–100. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1931994
12. Pankove J. Optical processes in semiconductors. New York: Courier Corporation. 1971.
13. Kubelka P, Munk F. Contribution to the optics of pigments. Z Tech Phys. 1931;12:593–9.
14. Sepehri A, Ghassem-Alaskari MK. The feasibility of synthesized micro graphene particles. 9th International Conference on Researches in Science & Engineering; 2025; Bangkok, Thailand. EN-P-543.
15. Smith J. Electrical properties of graphene micro-particles. J Adv Mater. 2020;58(12):2349–56.